![]() One of the main differences among religions is whether the ultimate reality is a personal god or an impersonal reality. Paul Tillich's concept of 'Ultimate Concern' and Rudolf Otto's ' Idea of the Holy' are concepts which point to concerns about the ultimate or highest truth which most religious philosophies deal with in some way. Today, however, philosophers have adopted the term "philosophy of religion" for the subject, and typically it is regarded as a separate field of specialization, although it is also still treated by some, particularly Catholic philosophers, as a part of metaphysics.īasic themes and problems Ultimate reality ĭifferent religions have different ideas about ultimate reality, its source or ground (or lack thereof) and also about what is the "Maximal Greatness". In Aristotle's Metaphysics, the necessarily prior cause of eternal motion was an unmoved mover, who, like the object of desire, or of thought, inspires motion without itself being moved. Some aspects of philosophy of religion have classically been regarded as a part of metaphysics. ![]() ![]() philosophy bases its arguments on the ground of timeless evidence." Also, "theology is responsible to an authority that initiates its thinking, speaking, and witnessing. The philosophy of religion has been distinguished from theology by pointing out that, for theology, "its critical reflections are based on religious convictions". In the Western world, early modern philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkeley discussed religious topics alongside secular philosophical issues as well. Greek philosophies like Pythagoreanism and Stoicism included religious elements and theories about deities, and Medieval philosophy was strongly influenced by the big three monotheistic Abrahamic religions. In Asia, examples include texts such as the Hindu Upanishads, the works of Daoism and Confucianism and Buddhist texts. The term philosophy of religion did not come into general use in the West until the nineteenth century, and most pre-modern and early modern philosophical works included a mixture of religious themes and non-religious philosophical questions. The field also includes the ethical implications of religious commitments, the relation between faith, reason, experience and tradition, concepts of the miraculous, the sacred revelation, mysticism, power, and salvation. Rowe characterized the philosophy of religion as: "the critical examination of basic religious beliefs and concepts." Philosophy of religion covers alternative beliefs about God or gods or both, the varieties of religious experience, the interplay between science and religion, the nature and scope of good and evil, and religious treatments of birth, history, and death. Pythagoreanism is one example of a Greek philosophy that also included religious elements. Pythagoreans Celebrate the Sunrise (1869) by Fyodor Bronnikov. ![]()
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